Practices Applied In Design And Systems
Practices Applied in Design and Systems
Assessment targets in the area of Design and Systems relate to the nature of technology, the engineering design process, maintenance and troubleshooting, and systems thinking. The sections below describe how the three cross-cutting practices apply to targets in the area of Design and Systems.
Understanding Technological Principles
Technological principles for Design and Systems in Chapter Two specify for this assessment the core understandings that students should have about the different types of technologies, processes for designing technologies, approaches to preventing failures, and how components of technological systems interrelate. The practices for Understanding Technological Principles in these areas could, for example, ask students to draw upon their knowledge to identify examples of technologies, components of the design process, components of a system, or maintenance and troubleshooting methods. Students could be asked to explain the relationship among technologies in a system, analyze the components of a system, recognize design constraints, or evaluate alternative representations of a system.
Developing Solutions and Achieving Goals
Problem solving is a major part of the engineering design process. Thus there are many opportunities for students to demonstrate their problem solving skills in assessment tasks for this area. Such tasks could require them to develop designs, to propose or critique solutions to problems after being given criteria and constraints, to select appropriate resources by considering trade-offs, to construct and test a model or prototype, to troubleshoot systems and applications, or to determine the consequences of making a change in a system. Students must use their understandings about the technological principles specified for Design and Systems in Chapter Two as they plan, try out, critique, and revise attempted solutions.
Communicating and Collaborating
Communication and collaboration practices are integral to achieving the goals of technological design and systems. Students can demonstrate teamwork in tasks where design assignments are distributed among team members, progress and results are integrated and shared, and products are presented jointly. Designs and the design process can be represented in visual and verbal forms. Students can create instructions for system assembly and prepare documentation of a procedure for maintaining a system. Students must use their understandings of the technological principles specified for both Design and Systems and ICT in Chapter Two to use tools and strategies to communicate and collaborate. Since students are completing the assessment individually on the computer, collaborators will be virtual, that is, presented by the computer.
Table 3.3 offers examples of how the three practices can be applied to assessment targets for Design and Systems to generate tasks and items for the middle school level. The key principles and grade 8 targets were selected from Tables 2.6-2.9 in Chapter Two. The Chapter Two tables present simpler versions of the targets for grade 4 and more challenging versions of the targets for grade 12. Again, these are sample ideas for items and tasks and will not be used in the actual assessment.
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Selected Principles
Practices |
Technologies developed for one purpose are sometimes adapted to serve other purposes. Technological development involves creative thinking. |
Requirements for a design challenge include the criteria for success and the constraints or limits that cannot be violated in a solution. |
All technological systems have parts that work together to accomplish a goal. |
Tools and machines must undergo regular maintenance to ensure their proper functioning. |
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Understanding Technological Principles |
Describe the properties of a spring that inspired the invention of the Slinky. (animation) |
List three important criteria for a device that will toast bread, and justify each one. |
How do the physical and human components of the school cafeteria food service system work together? (animation) |
Why do Bill and Sally oil their bike chains and axles and check the brakes each month? What may happen if they do not? |
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Developing Solutions and Achieving Goals |
Given a collection of objects, design a new toy (e.g., for a baby, young child). What are the criteria for a toy, and how does your design meet them? |
Design a process to serve 50 slices of warm toast in 5 minutes, given specific equipment and resources. |
Design modifications to the cafeteria for people with a particular physical disability (e.g., vision, mobility). (animation) |
Bill's new bike gears are not working correctly. What should he do? |
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Communicating and Collaborating |
Select a team of people who could design and build a new toy for a 5-year-old, and justify the choices. Work individually, or collaborate with a virtual person to make your selections. |
How would an industrial toaster salesperson develop talking points for selling a particular toaster to a given restaurant? |
Collaborate with a virtual group of people to re-design the tasks of the cafeteria staff, given the new machines. |
Bill, Sally, and many other students would like to ride their bikes to school. Present a design for a bike parking lot at the school. |
Illustrative Tasks and Items
These items from existing tests were selected as examples that could be adapted for assessing targets in Design and Systems. Each item is analyzed for the ways in which it would call upon the practices.
Scenario-Based Item Set
In this example, students are asked a series of questions related to a simulation of a nuclear reactor. In the NAEP Technology and Engineering Literacy Assessment, the questions might relate to all three practices. Students may be asked to demonstrate the practice of Understanding Technological Principles by identifying the inputs and outputs of the system or analyzing the potential hazards. Students might employ the practice of Developing Solutions and Achieving Goals in items asking for results of investigations based on manipulating the simulation to find safe levels of temperature and power. The practice of Communicating and Collaborating could be elicited in tasks involving virtual (that is, computer-generated) experts in preparing a report of findings.
Topic: Nuclear Reactor
Target Level: Grade 8
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Conventional Items
These items will ask for students to select or construct their answers. The examples below are of the familiar constructed and selected response formats.
Constructed Response
Similar to the previous example, this item represents a sample task in which students must use their knowledge about the engineering design process to answer a constructed response item. The practice of Understanding Technological Principles is measured by this computer-based item. In this item, students use various tools to explore the factors that affect plant growth in a greenhouse. In the NAEP Technology and Engineering Literacy Assessment, a similar item might ask students to evaluate different greenhouse designs in terms of their effects on plant growth.
Topic: Designing a Greenhouse
Target Level: Grade 12
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Selected Response – Multiple Choice
The following item is another conventional item type—in this case, multiple choice. Students would employ the practice of Understanding Technological Principles by demonstrating their knowledge about the engineering design process.
Topic: The Design Process
Target Level: Grade 12
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